Disease Models of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus, a very common and multifaceted metabolic disorder is considered one of the fastest-growing public health problems in the world. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, a condition with high glucose levels in the blood plasma resulting from defects in insulin secretion or its action, and in some cases, both the impairment in secretion and also the action of insulin coexist. Historically, animal models have played a critical role in exploring and describing malady pathophysiology and recognizable proof of targets, and surveying new remedial specialists and in vivo medicines.
Chemically Induced Rat and Mice Diabetic Models
Some chemicals are used to induce diabetes in experimental animals. Such chemicals are called diabetogenic agents. Streptozotocin and alloxan are the commonly used chemical agents that induce diabetes when administered parenterally.
- Alloxan (5,5-dihydroxyl pyrimi-dine-2,4,6-trione) is an organic compound and is a cytotoxic glucose analog. It works by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species from metabolic reactions in the body, together with the massive increase of cytosolic calcium concentration.
- Streptozotocin (STZ), chemically known as N- (methylnitrosocarbamoyl)-α-d-glucosamine is a naturally occurring compound produced by Streptomycetes achromogenes with antibacterial properties that are selectively taken up by pancreatic β-cells causing its destruction.
- Creative Bioarray, with the Alloxan-induced Type 1 Diabetes Model and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus Model, can provide customers with drug testing and pathogenesis research services to assess the efficacy of drug candidates and study the associated mechanisms of diabetes mellitus.
Spontaneous Auto-Immune Rodents and Mouse
NOD-mouse, diabetes-prone BB rats, KDP rats, LETL rats, and LEW-iddm rats are the widely used animal models of spontaneous diabetes for studying autoimmune diabetes. Among them, the Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is one of the most regularly utilized models for investigations of type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Genetically Induced Diabetes Models
AKITA mice, GK rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Obese spontaneously hypersensitive rat (SHR), ESS rats and diabetes mouse (db/db) falls under the category of genetically induced diabetes models. Of them, the most widely used genetically induced diabetic mouse models are AKITA mice.
Surgical Models
These models are widely employed for the study of the regenerative capability of β cells or their progenitors. Partial pancreatectomy which involves the partial or total removal of the pancreas through surgery is the model that is of greater importance for the study of diabetes. Removal of 95% of the pancreas causes diabetes in rat models within 3 months and a similar mechanism is found in dogs and pigs.
Virus-Induced Models
Viruses cause diabetes mellitus through the degradation and infection of β cells in the pancreas. Numerous human infections used to actuate diabetes incorporate RNA picornaviruses, coxsackie B virus, Kilham rat virus, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC).
The above models are also within the scope of our services. Creative Bioarray focuses on drug research and development services, helping our customers study the pathological mechanisms of diabetes mellitus by the Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Model and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Model.
Reference
- Kottaisamy CPD, et al. (2021). "Experimental animal models for diabetes and its related complications-a review." Lab Anim Res. 37 (1), 23.
