In Vitro Metabolism Assay Kits & Reagents
The liver is the most important site of drug metabolism. Here the processes of drug inactivation and acquisition of pharmacological activity by the prodrug take place.
Many drugs are metabolized in two phases.
- Non-synthetic reactions such as the production of new or modified functional groups or cleavage are included in Phase I reactions (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis).
- Phase II reactions involve synthetic reactions, such as binding to endogenous substances (e.g., glucuronides).
Metabolites formed in synthetic reactions are more polar and therefore more readily excreted by the kidney (urine) and liver (bile) than those formed in non-synthetic reactions. Some drugs undergo only phase I or phase II reactions.
CYP450
In phase I metabolism, the most important enzyme system is cytochrome P-450 (CYP450), a microsomal superfamily of isoenzymes that catalyze the oxidation of many drugs. Electrons are provided by NADPH-CYP450 reductase, a flavoprotein that transfers electrons from NADPH to CYP450.
CYP450 enzymes can be induced or inhibited by many drugs and substances, leading to drug interactions in which one drug enhances the toxicity or reduces the therapeutic effect of another drug.
Glucuronidation
Glucuronidation is the most prevalent phase II reaction and is the only one occurring in the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Glucuronidation is secreted in the bile and excreted in the urine. Thus, conjugation renders most drugs more soluble and easily excreted by the kidneys. The conjugate produced by binding amino acids to glutamine or glycine is readily excreted in the urine but is not secreted in significant amounts into the bile.
Creative Bioarray provides professional in vitro metabolism assay services and efficient kits, which allows our clients to perform in vitro metabolism testing on their own terms.
In Vitro Metabolism Assay Kits
In Vitro Metabolism Assay Matrix
In Vitro Metabolism Assay Reagents
Related Services
Description: Recombinant CYP450 enzyme subtypes expressed by bacteria, insects, or mammalian cells can be used ...
Description: Recombinant CYP450 enzyme subtypes expressed by bacteria, insects, or mammalian cells can be used ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families are the major CYP450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Inhibitory ...
Description: CYP3A4 is abundantly expressed in the liver and intestine, where it catalyzes the oxidation of a ...
Description: CYP3A4 is abundantly expressed in the liver and intestine, where it catalyzes the oxidation of a ...
Description: CYP2D6 catalyzes the activation of lipophilic bases with an aromatic ring and a nitrogen atom, and ...
Description: CYP2D6 catalyzes the activation of lipophilic bases with an aromatic ring and a nitrogen atom, and ...
Description: CYP2C9 is predominantly expressed in the liver and catalyzes the oxidation of weakly acidic or ...
Description: CYP2C9 is predominantly expressed in the liver and catalyzes the oxidation of weakly acidic or ...
Description: The oxidation of neutral or slightly basic lipophilic compounds with 2-3 hydrogen bound ...
Description: The oxidation of neutral or slightly basic lipophilic compounds with 2-3 hydrogen bound ...