Macrophages

Macrophage is a type of phagocyte that engulfs and digests pathogens and apoptotic cells. Macrophages are produced by the differentiation of monocytes, which turn into macrophages when they leave the blood. These macrophages are found in virtually all tissues where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They have various forms throughout the body, such as histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, etc., but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. In addition to phagocytosis, they play a key role in non-specific defense (innate immunity) and also help to initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells.

Macrophages are extremely plastic cells that can rapidly change their functional profile through a process called polarization. Macrophage polarization is indeed the process by which macrophages respond to stimuli from the local microenvironment and acquire a specific functional phenotype. According to their polarization status, macrophages can be divided into M0, M1 (classically activated or pro-inflammatory), and M2 (alternatively activated or anti-inflammatory) macrophages.

M0 macrophages can be considered as naive macrophages that have not been exposed to any pro- or anti-inflammatory stimulus or environment.

M1 macrophages are activated, typically by IFN-γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, phagocytize microbes, and trigger an immune response. M1 macrophages produce nitric oxide (NO) or reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) to protect against bacteria and viruses.

M2 macrophages are activated by exposure to certain cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13. M2 macrophages will produce either polyamines to induce proliferation or proline to induce collagen production. These macrophages are involved in wound healing and tissue repair. M2 macrophages can be further divided into M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d depending on their stimulus for the activation. The M2 macrophages induced by IL-4 or IL-13 are called M2a, M2b macrophages are induced by poly IC or TLR or IL-1R agonists, and M2c are induced by IL-10 and glucocorticoids. M2d macrophages, also known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), are induced by TLR ligands and A2 adenosine receptor (A2R) agonists, or by IL-6, and contribute to tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis.


Description: Hamster Bone Marrow Macrophages are derived from the tibias and femurs of Syrian hamster.

Cat#: CSC-C4758L INQUIRY

Description: Canine Bone Marrow Macrophages are derived from the tibias or femurs of Beagle dog.

Cat#: CSC-C4841L INQUIRY

Description: NPB-Macrophages are derived from negatively-selected peripheral blood monocytes and stimulated with ...

Cat#: CSC-C4427X INQUIRY

Description: NPB-Macrophages are derived from negatively-selected peripheral blood monocytes and stimulated with ...

Cat#: CSC-C4483X INQUIRY

Description: Rat Bone Marrow Macrophages are derived from the tibias and femurs of 5 weeks old Sprague–Dawley ...

Cat#: CSC-C1997 INQUIRY

Description: Rat Resident Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the peritoneal cavity of Sprague-Dawley Rats. ...

Cat#: CSC-C4135X INQUIRY

Description: Rat Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal cavity of ...

Cat#: CSC-C4178X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Resident Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the peritoneal cavity of pathogen-free ...

Cat#: CSC-C4239X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Resident Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the peritoneal cavity of pathogen-free ...

Cat#: CSC-C4240X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal cavity of ...

Cat#: CSC-C4278X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal cavity of ...

Cat#: CSC-C4279X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Bone Marrow Macrophages are derived from the tibias and femurs of pathogen-free laboratory ...

Cat#: CSC-C4297X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Resident Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the peritoneal cavity of pathogen-free ...

Cat#: CSC-C4304X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages are derived from the thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal cavity of ...

Cat#: CSC-C4334X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Bone Marrow Macrophages are derived from the tibias and femurs of pathogen-free laboratory ...

Cat#: CSC-C4349X INQUIRY

Description: Mouse Bone Marrow Macrophages are derived from the tibias and femurs of pathogen-free laboratory ...

Cat#: CSC-C1940 INQUIRY

Description: Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Macrophages are ...

Cat#: CSC-C1801 INQUIRY

Description: Porcine Bone Marrow Macrophages are derived from the procine tibia or femur bone. Cells at passage ...

Cat#: CSC-C4921L INQUIRY