GH3

GH3 cells are rat pituitary adenoma cell line which was originally isolated from a functional pituitary tumor. This cell line has been extensively characterized for synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones, particularly prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH). GH3 cells have been used as a classic pituitary tumor cell line for numerous in vitro studies related to endocrine and neuroendocrine function.

GH3 cells are adherent, polygonal to rounded epithelial-like cells that demonstrate stable growth rates under normal culture conditions. These cells express classic pituitary-specific transcription factors as well as hormone-processing machinery and maintain differentiated functions after being propagated in vitro. Like native pituitary cells, hormone release from GH3 cells is regulated by physiological stimuli such as thyroid hormone or pharmacological stimulation with dopamine agonists or growth factor receptors.

Molecular studies using GH3 cells have been used to understand regulation of pituitary hormone gene expression, signaling pathways that regulate endocrine secretion and proliferation, and pituitary tumor growth. These cells are also routinely used as an in vitro model for testing endocrine-disrupting chemicals as well as identifying pituitary-mediated toxicological endpoints, specifically relating to thyroid hormone and dopamine signaling.